Water and Sewerage Charges in Scotland

The paper outlines the statutory arrangements governing water and sewerage charges in Scotland, and comments on the factors affecting the levels of charges. Trends in revenue expenditure over the period 1989–90 to 1992–93 are considered in relation to increases in personal community water charge levels, metered water rates, and costs per household. Non-domestic sewerage rates and industrial effluent charges are also discussed. Some comparisons are made with England and Wales and with other countries. The funding arrangements for capital expenditure and their effect on the levels of charges are described, with particular reference to debt levels and rising expenditure to meet UK and EC standards. Factors affecting future charge levels are also identified.     

加强工程计量变更管理有效控制建设投资

：分析了工程计量支付、工程变更在整个工程建设中的地位、作用及二者的关系，并就如何管理工程计量支付工作进行了论述，提出了审核工程变更的必要性及其内容。     

城市排洪河道整治的新思路

城市部分河道承担的只是排洪的功能,因其经常性缺水,河道淤积,河床植物丛生,影响城市景观。通过对南桥河工程整治的实践,认为此类工程的关键是蓄水和截污,并提出一种新的截污方法及方案评估方法以能确定最佳的方法。     

CNG供气有效半径的研究

通过对投资额、供气成本进行分析，建立CNG供气有效半径的数学模型，研究不同供气规模下CNG工程所适用的有效半径及原料气价格和汽油价格对供气有效半径的影响。     

工程项目建设的投资造价控制与管理

论述了工程项目建设四个阶段的投资控制与管理内容，通过分析现阶段工程造价控制与管理存在的具体问题，从增强控制造价的自觉意识、强化各部门的配合与协作等方面，提出了强化工程项目造价控制的具体措施。     

黄河小浪底水利枢纽工程投资控制

水利水电工程规模宏大,施工条件复杂,必须在工程建设的全过程进行投资控制,特别在设计阶段必须采用价值工程、限额设计、技术与经济相结合的方式进行投资控制.小浪底水利枢纽工程项目基于工程建设全过程进行投资控制,取得了投资节约38亿元的效果,其投资控制的一些具体措施如"静态投资,动态管理"、"总量控制、合理调整"等可为现代水利水电工程的投资控制提供借鉴.     

浅谈限额设计在住宅小区开发中的应用

投资控制应贯穿于工程项目建设的全过程,但每个阶段投资控制的重要程度却不同,应把投资控制重点放在前期的决策与限额设计上,通过小区建设工程实例,阐述了与设计单位共同实施限额设计的措施和效果。     

Ventilation efficiencies of desk-mounted task/ambient conditioning systems

In laboratory experiments, we investigated two task/ambient conditioning systems with air supplied from desk-mounted air outlets to efficiently ventilate the breathing zone of heated manikins seated at desks. In most experiments, the task conditioning systems provided outside air while a conventional ventilation system provided additional space cooling but no outside air. Air change effectiveness (i.e., exhaust air age divided by age of air at the manikin's face) was measured with a tracer gas step-up procedure. Other tracer gases simulated the release of pollutants from nearby occupants and from the floor covering, and the associated pollutant removal efficiencies (i.e., exhaust air concentrations divided by concentrations at manikin's face) were calculated. High values of air change effectiveness (approximately 1.3 to 1.9) and high values of pollutant removal efficiency (approximately 1.2 to 1.6) were measured when these task conditioning systems supplied 100% outdoor air at a flow rate of 7 to 9 L s-1 per occupant. Air change effectiveness was reasonably well correlated with the pollutant removal efficiency. Overall, the experimental data suggest that these task/ambient conditioning systems can be used to improve ventilation and air quality or to save energy while maintaining a typical level of IAQ at the breathing zone.     

Meanings of limited equity homeownership in community land trusts

Abstract

Discourses regarding homeownership in the United States emphasize housing as an economic investment. This focus fosters a number of problems, including inflated housing values, increased segregation, economic divisions, and the foreclosure crisis. Community land trusts (CLTs) put land in a non-profit trust to keep it affordable long-term. We examine CLTs as affordable housing organizations where individual residents own homes in the trust and lease the land underneath from the CLT. Interviews of CLT homeowners and staff in Minnesota, USA, show that the use value of CLT housing creates opportunities for different life choices. CLT homeowners cite stability and autonomy as the primary benefits of homeownership. They expressed newfound confidence and freedom to pursue personal goals and live less restricted lives after moving into CLT homes, a finding also emphasized by CLT staff. Limited equity housing such as CLTs can both reinforce dominant meanings of homeownership as providing security and autonomy, while also fostering access and affordability for low-income residents.     

区域性空调系统一次泵变流量方法的应用

针对空调系统中空调冷冻水系统耗电量大的现象,对一次泵变流量和传统空调一次泵定流量冷冻水系统进行对比,总结了一次泵变流量的优势,并通过具体实例进行了投资成本比较和运行费用比较,从而确定冷冻水系统优化设计方案,切实降低空调系统的能耗。